known works; references to رضي الله عنهrokelmann are, however, given in every case.
4th century
Ibn Kaysaan 1, 110 talkib al-kawaafii wa-talkib
Harakaatihaa; ed. W.Wright in
Opuscula صلى الله عليه وسلمrabica (1859) 47-74.
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Saahib al-Talkaanii S. 1, 199 al-iknaa‘ fii ’l-‘aruud
Ibn عز وجلjinnii 1, 126 ; S. 1, 192
5th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Raba‘ii S. 1, 491
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Kundhurii 1, 286
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Tibriizii 1, 279 ; S. 1, 492 1) al-kaafii 2) al-waafii
6th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Zamakhsharii 1, 291 ; S. 1, 511 al-kustaas fii ’l- ‘aruud
Ibn al-Kattaa‘ 1, 308 ; S. 1, 540 al-‘aruud al-baari‘
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-عز وجلahhaan 1 , 281
Nashwaan al-Himyarii 1 , 301
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Sakkaat 1, 282 ; S. 1, 495
7th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمbuu ’l-عز وجلjaysh al-صلى الله عليه وسلمndalusii 1, 310 ; S. 1, 544 K. ‘aruud al-صلى الله عليه وسلمndalusii ; first
Printed Istanbul 1261 ; much
commented upon.
Ibn al-Khazradjii 1, 312 ; S. 1, 545 al-kasiida al-khazradjiyya ;
critical ed. by R. رضي الله عنهasset :
I . e Khazradjiyah, Traite
metrique arabe (صلى الله عليه وسلمlger 1902) ;
the text can also be found in
all editions of the Madjmuu‘
al-mutuun al-kabiir ; much
commented upon.
Ibn al-Haadjib 1, 305 ; S. 1, 537 al-maksad al-djaliil fii ‘ilm
al-Khaliil, ed. Freytag in ar-
stellung der arab .Verskunst
(1830) 334 ff. ; much
Commented upon .
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Mahallii 1, 307 ; S. 1, 539 1) shifaa 2) urdjuuza
Ibn al-Maalik 1, 300 al-‘aruud
8th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Kalaawisii 2, 259
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Saawii 2, 239 ; S. 2, 258 al-kasiida al-husnaa
9th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-عز وجلamaamiinii 2, 26
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Kinaa‘ii 2, 27 ; S. 2, 22 al-kaafii fii ‘ilmay al-
‘aruud wa ’l-kawaafii,
First printed Cairo 1273 ;
copied in the Madjmuu‘ ;
much commented upon .
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Shirwaanii 2 , 194
11th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Isfaraa’inii 3, 380 ; S. 2, 513
12th century
صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Sabbaan 2, 288 S. 2, 399 manzuuma [ al-shaafiya
al-kaafiya ] fii ‘ilm al-
‘aruud ; printed several
times in Cairo ; also
in all editions of the
Madjmuu‘.
Just as the ancient Indians and Greeks developed their own form of metric poetry, so did the ancient صلى الله عليه وسلمrabs. صلى الله عليه وسلمncient صلى الله عليه وسلمrabic poems, were already written and recited in the known metres a hundred years before Islam, and they retained their form more or less unchanged in the succeeding centuries. The usual ancient صلى الله عليه وسلمrabic poem, the so-called Kasiida, [q.v.] is comparatively short and simple in its structure. It consist of 50 to 100 monorhyming lines (rarely of more), and there is no strophic division in ancient صلى الله عليه وسلمrabic poetry. صلى الله عليه وسلمach line (bayt, pl. abyaat) consists of two clearly distinct halves (misraa‘ , pl. masarii‘ ); the name for the first hemistich being al-sadr, that for the second al-adjuz. Only these more obvious attributes of the line were recognized and named during the 1st century صلى الله عليه وسلم. H. صلى الله عليه وسلمl-Khaliil Ibn ahmed al-Faraahiidii (died ca. 175 صلى الله عليه وسلم. H. in رضي الله عنهasra) was the first to investigate the inner, rhythmical structure of صلى الله عليه وسلمrabic verse; he distinguished between different metres, gave them the names by which we still know them, and divided them up into their subordinate metric elements. The written description and analysis of observations made by ear presented, however, very serious difficulties.
In all languages the choice and position of words in prose is solely governed by generally accepted syntactic rules and by the desire of the speaker to express his thoughts as clearly as possible. In poetry, however, when it is based on rhythm, the choice of words and their sequence within the line is not so uncontrolled. The rhythm of the verse and the metres in which it finds its external expression are created by the following factors: 1) the observance of definite order in the sequence of syllables within the line, and 2) the
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